Respiratory System
Learning Objectives
- Identify the organs forming the respiratory
passageway(s) in descending order until the alveoli are
reached.
- Describe the location, structure, and function of
each of the following: nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx,
and larynx.
- List and describe several protective mechanisms of
the respiratory system.
- Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone
structures.
- Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane, and
relate structure to function.
- Describe the gross structure of the lungs and
pleurae.
- Explain the functional importance of the partial
vacuum that exists in the intrapleural space.
- Relate Boyle’s law to the events of inspiration and
expiration.
- Explain the relative roles of the respiratory muscles
and lung elasticity in producing the volume changes that
cause air to flow into and out of the lungs.
- List several physical factors that influence
pulmonary ventilation.
- State Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Henry’s
law.
- Describe how atmospheric and alveolar air differ in
composition, and explain these differences.
- Relate Dalton’s and Henry’s laws to events of
external and internal respiration.
- Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood, and
explain how oxygen loading and unloading is affected by
temperature, pH, BPG, and
PCO2.
- Describe carbon dioxide transport in the blood.
- Describe the neural controls of respiration.
- Compare and contrast the influences of arterial pH,
arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
lung reflexes, volition, and emotions on respiratory rate
and depth.
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